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Adaptive learning is an educational method which uses computers as interactive teaching devices, and to orchestrate the allocation of human and mediated resources according to the unique needs of each learner. Computers adapt the presentation of educational material according to students' learning needs, as indicated by their responses to questions, tasks and experiences. The technology encompasses aspects derived from various fields of study including computer science, education, psychology, and brain science. Adaptive learning has been partially driven by a realization that tailored learning cannot be achieved on a large-scale using traditional, non-adaptive approaches. Adaptive learning systems endeavor to transform the learner from passive receptor of information to collaborator in the educational process. Adaptive learning systems' primary application is in education, but another popular application is business training. They have been designed as desktop computer applications, web applications, and are now being introduced into overall curricula.〔Jason H, Douglas A. Are the conditions right for a 21st-century medical school? The Lancet, 385: 672-3, 2015〕〔 〕 Adaptive learning has been implemented in several kinds of educational systems such as adaptive educational hypermedia, intelligent tutoring systems, Computerized adaptive testing, and computer-based pedagogical agents, among others. ==History== Adaptive learning or Intelligent tutoring has its origins in the artificial-intelligence movement and began gaining popularity in the 1970s. At that time, it was commonly accepted that computers would eventually achieve the human ability of adaptivity. In adaptive learning, the basic premise is that the tool or system will be able to adjust to the student/user's learning method, which results in a better and more effective learning experience for the user. Back in the 70's the main barrier was the cost and size of the computers, rendering the widespread application impractical. Another hurdle in the adoption of early intelligent systems was that the user interfaces were not conducive to the learning process. The start of the work on adaptive and intelligent learning systems is usually traced back to the SCHOLAR system that offered adaptive learning for the topic of geography of South America.〔 〕 A number of other innovative systems appeared within five years. A good account of the early work on adaptive learning and intelligent tutoring systems can be found in the classic book "Intelligent Tutoring Systems". The very first company focusing on the term "Adaptive Learning" was the University of Texas Technology Incubator start-up, Adaptive Learning Technology, Inc., founded by visionary Mary Schenck-Ross and supported by funders such as Dr. George Kozmetsky, original funder for Michael Dell. The Silicon Valley investors Anne Wynbald and Michael Moritz expressed to the Adaptive Learning original founder that no one would understand what "adaptive learning" meant. Now Adaptive Learning is a multimillion dollar industry. The start-up, Adaptive Learning Technology, Inc., in 1999 was acquired by Neil Bush's, Ignite! Learning. Even though Ignite! Learning was way ahead of the curve the company did not utilize the adaptive learning engine or methodology and quickly retreated to a traditional "one size fits all" design. Immediately NY Times best-selling author, Dr. Thomas Armstrong, the firm's Educational Advisor, left Ignite! Learning when the company turned its back on Adaptive Learning. The visionary and founder behind Adaptive Learning. Mary Schenck-Ross left as well. The seed of the idea was planted. It was not until (AutoTutor ) which was developed by the Institute of Intelligent System around the turn of the 21st century that adaptive learning systems got a voice. This was a major step in adaptive learning systems because it added another medium in communication with the end user. According to the founder and lead on the AutoTutor project - Graesser - "Spoken computational environments may foster social relationships that may enhance learning." Also, in some applications audio content is a necessity, such as in language learning applications. Today, the number of new adaptive learning system companies is growing steadily as more classrooms are becoming computerized and other industries are finding uses for the applications of adaptive learning such as professional development. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Adaptive learning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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